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In our series of letters by African journalists, Nigerian novelist and writer Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani questions whether a South African school's hair rules really were racist.
As I followed the recent protests at a South African girls' school where students insisted on being allowed to wear afro hairdos to school, I recalled my own days as a student in what used to be one of Nigeria's most prestigious boarding schools for girls.
In contrast to South African school hair diktats, at the Federal Government Girls' College in Owerri in south-eastern Nigeria, straightening your hair was banned.
At unannounced intervals during the term, one of the school's matrons conducted an inspection of each girl's hair, then ran a sharp pair of scissors through any locks that she suspected of being chemically treated.
The consequence of rebelling against the school's hair rules was a shaved head. All hair gone. Case closed.
Despite this drastic action against straightened hair, we were not allowed to wear our hair in afros. Neither were we to hold our hair up in a bun.
Hair was supposed to be natural, but it had to be either short or plaited.

My school didn't have any 100% white students, but those of mixed race were also not allowed to leave their naturally soft and silky strands flying loose.
Like the rest of us, they were required to keep their hair in check.

'School life is about unpalatable rules'

I wonder if the Pretoria High School for Girls had similar straightforward intentions as the authorities in my former school did.
Were they being racist or just overly disciplinarian?
A study of the school's Code of Conduct document shows certain restrictions to what every student can do to or with their hair, irrespective of race.
It says:
  • All hair must be brushed
  • If hair is long enough to be tied back, it must be tied back neatly in a ponytail, no lower than the nape of the neck
  • Pony tails may not be visible from the front
  • All hair must be off the face and not be in the eyes
  • Hair buns must be tight with no loose hair and have to be worn in the neck and not on top of the head."

Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe has said it is "pretty undeniable" that Hollywood is racist.
He told the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme the film world was seen as "very, very progressive", but was "lagging behind" industries in encouraging diversity.
Radcliffe also said it was hard for gay actors to come out for fear of being typecast in gay roles.
And he stated that he did not want to play Potter again "at this point".
The 27-year-old British actor has starred as JK Rowling's child wizard in several films since 2001.
But his latest screen role, in the thriller Imperium, is as Nate Foster, an FBI agent who goes undercover to infiltrate a white supremacist group.

'Fear and hatred'

Radcliffe told Victoria Derbyshire this had led him to think more about racial issues, and to consider how close to "mainstream" some of the opinions in the film had become.
He criticised the Republican US presidential candidate, Donald Trump, saying he had "stirred up" feelings of "fear and hatred".
The US film industry has itself come in for criticism for racism, with actor Dustin Hoffman and director Spike Lee boycotting this year's Oscars ceremony over what has been described as a lack of ethnic minority nominees.
Asked whether Hollywood was "racist", Radcliffe, who is on the panel that chooses Oscar winners, said: "It's pretty undeniable."

Dame Maggie Smith says she was "astonished" to win another Emmy award after host Jimmy Kimmel joked about her missing the ceremony.
The 81-year-old won her fourth Emmy on Sunday for her role in Downton Abbey.
Kimmel joked the award was being left in "lost and found" after Dame Maggie failed to attend the ceremony.
In a tweet posted by Masterpiece PBS, she wrote: "If Mr Kimmel could please direct me to the lost and found office I will try and be on the next flight."
She added: "I was very astonished and pleased to win the award. I feel the Emmys have been overly generous to me."
The message was signed, "Love, Old Maggie".

Sheridan Smith is to reprise her hit West End role as Fanny Brice in Funny Girl when it goes on a tour of the UK next year.
The actress, who took almost two months off from the musical due to stress and exhaustion earlier this year, will kick off the tour in Manchester in February.
She will also appear in cities such as Liverpool, Bristol and Cardiff.
Smith will not appear at all the venues on the tour, with further casting will be announced shortly.
The stage and TV star will also play several dates in Dublin.
When Smith took time off from the London production in May, the producers said she would get "the rest and support she needs".
The actress, who has two Olivier awards for her stage roles in Legally Blonde and Flare Path, was made an OBE last year. She has described the part of Fanny as her "dream role".
The production of Funny Girl transferred to the Savoy Theatre in April after a successful run at the Menier Chocolate Factory.
The venues Sheridan Smith will perform at:
  • Manchester Palace
  • Milton Keynes Theatre
  • Liverpool Empire
  • Edinburgh Playhouse
  • Birmingham Hippodrome
  • Newcastle Theatre Royal
  • Mayflower Theatre, Southampton
  • Alhambra Theatre, Bradford
  • Cliffs Pavilion, Southend
  • Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff
  • Bord Gais Energy Theatre, Dublin
The tour will also take in Stoke, Aberdeen, Woking, Canterbury, Glasgow, Nottingham and Llandudno but those performances will star a different leading lady, yet to be revealed.
When Smith was taking a break from the West End production, her part was taken over by understudy Natasha J Barnes to great acclaim.
Barnes continues to star in Monday evening performances.
The show's run at the Savoy ends on 8 October


Aliyekuwa mgombea urais wa Chadema akiungwa mkono na vyama vinavyounda Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi (Ukawa), Edward Lowassa, anajiandaa kuweka wazi ushiriki wa aliyekuwa Mwenyekiti wa CUF, Profesa Ibrahimu Lipumba katika mchakato wake wa kuhamia Chadema mpaka kuwa mgombea urais.

Akizungumza kwa simu na mwandishi wa habari hii akiwa Nairobi nchini Kenya jana, Lowassa ambaye pia alikuwa Waziri Mkuu, wakati wa Serikali ya Awamu ya Nne ya Rais Jakaya Kikwete, alisema akirudi kutoka safari hiyo, atafafanua mbele ya vyombo vya habari, tuhuma dhidi yake zilizotolewa na Profesa Lipumba.

“Kwa sasa naomba uniache kwanza maana nipo safarini Nairobi, nikija Dar es Salaam nitazungumzia suala hilo kwa undani kupitia vyombo vya habari, hivyo subirini nirudi,” alisema Lowassa.

Madai ya Lipumba
Hivi karibuni Profesa Lipumba alitupa lawama moja kwa moja kwa Lowassa, kwamba ujio wake ndani ya Ukawa, unaoundwa na Chadema, CUF, NCCR-Mageuzi na NLD, ndiyo ulisababisha matatizo katika vyama hivyo kwa kiasi kikubwa.

Kwa mujibu wa Profesa Lipumba, kabla ya kujiunga kwa Lowassa Ukawa, vyama hivyo walikaa kikao ambacho aliwashauri viongozi wenzake wa Ukawa kutazama mtu anayeweza kuendana na mahitaji yao awe ndani au nje ya umoja huo.

Alisema ni kweli aliona wangeweza kupata ushindi kupitia Lowassa, lakini hata ushindi huo ungepatikana, wangeenda kusimamia mambo gani? Maana suala ni kusimamia katika eneo fulani.

Alifafanua kuwa suala lililopo katika siasa ni baada ya kuchaguliwa, uunde serikali ili usimamie misingi fulani ambayo itakidhi mahitaji ya wananchi. 
“Sisi tulisema tunahitaji serikali inayowajibika, itakayopambana na rushwa, itakayotumia rasilimali za nchi vizuri, na itakayohakikisha mali ya asili ya Tanzania inawasaidia Watanzania wote,” alisema na kuongeza kuwa hayo Lowassa asingeweza.

Baada ya kikao hicho cha kumjadili Lowassa, Profesa Lipumba alisema walifanya kingine wakiwa na Mbowe (Freeman, Mwenyekiti wa Chadema); Mbatia (James, Mwenyekiti wa NCCR-Mageuzi) na Lowassa kujadili suala hilo kwa mara ya pili kuwa ni vyema CUF, wakaribishwe kwanza ambapo walikuwa hatua za mwisho.

Alisema baada ya mchakato huo kwisha, Katibu Mkuu wa CUF, Maalim Seif Sharif Hamad, alianza vikao vingine visivyomshirikisha yeye Lipumba, kwa kumwalika Mbowe ili wafanye mazungumzo. 
Lipumba alidai kuwa Mbowe alipoitwa na Maalim Seif kwenda Zanzibar, alimfuata na kumweleza kuwa ameitwa na Makamu wa Rais wa Kwanza wa Zanzibar.

“Mbowe alinipigia simu akaniambia kuwa ameitwa kwenye kikao na kwamba ndio kulikuwa na hoja ya Lowassa kuingia Ukawa, wakati Chadema walikuwa na msimamo kuwa kwenye Ukawa asikaribishwe mtu wa nje,”alifafanua.

Alisema Mbowe aliendelea kumweleza kuwa, baada ya kikao kile ndipo Chadema waligundua kuwa kuna sintofahamu ndani ya CUF, jambo lililowafanya wao Chadema watoe hoja ya kuwa na mgombea wao, kwakuwa watakuwa na wabunge wengi basi hata Waziri Mkuu atatoka huko na CUF itatoa mgombea mwenza.

Lipumba alisema baada ya hali hiyo kutokea; ya Maalim Seif kufanya vikao vingine bila kumshirikisha, alikuwa katika wakati mgumu maana hata mazungumzo yale hakushirikishwa, ilihali yeye ndio Mwenyekiti wa CUF na yalikuwa yanafanywa na Katibu kimnya kimnya.


Mkurugenzi wa Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Kinondoni, Aron Kagurumjuli amevunja Baraza la Madiwani rasmi baada ya serikali kuigawa manispaa hiyo kuwa mbili. Kagurumjuli alilivunja juzi saa 11:00 baada ya kumalizika kwa Baraza la Madiwani la kawaida.

Alipokuwa akitangaza kulivunja baraza hilo, Kagurumjuli alisema amevunja baraza hilo kwa kuwa serikali imegawanya manispaa hiyo kuwa wilaya mbili, ya Kinondoni na Ubungo hivyo kwa kuwa wilaya zote tayari zina wakurugenzi, wakuu wa wilaya na makatibu tawala wa wilaya imempasa kufanya hivyo.

“Baraza la madiwani limevunjwa, kuvunjwa kwa baraza hili ni ukomo wa meya pia,” alisema.

Aliongeza kuwa wiki ijayo kutakuwa na uchaguzi wa meya katika manispaa hizo.

Meya wa Manispaa ya Kinondoni alikuwepo kabla ya kuvunjwa kwa baraza hilo ni Boniface Yakob ambaye amebaki nafasi yake ya udiwani.

Kuvunjwa kwa baraza hilo kulikuwa kunatarajiwa baada ya serikali kugawanya manispaa ya Kinondoni kuwa mbili.
Mkurugenzi wa Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Kinondoni, Aron Kagurumjuli amevunja Baraza la Madiwani rasmi baada ya serikali kuigawa manispaa hiyo kuwa mbili. Kagurumjuli alilivunja juzi saa 11:00 baada ya kumalizika kwa Baraza la Madiwani la kawaida.

Alipokuwa akitangaza kulivunja baraza hilo, Kagurumjuli alisema amevunja baraza hilo kwa kuwa serikali imegawanya manispaa hiyo kuwa wilaya mbili, ya Kinondoni na Ubungo hivyo kwa kuwa wilaya zote tayari zina wakurugenzi, wakuu wa wilaya na makatibu tawala wa wilaya imempasa kufanya hivyo.

“Baraza la madiwani limevunjwa, kuvunjwa kwa baraza hili ni ukomo wa meya pia,” alisema.

Aliongeza kuwa wiki ijayo kutakuwa na uchaguzi wa meya katika manispaa hizo.

Meya wa Manispaa ya Kinondoni alikuwepo kabla ya kuvunjwa kwa baraza hilo ni Boniface Yakob ambaye amebaki nafasi yake ya udiwani.

Kuvunjwa kwa baraza hilo kulikuwa kunatarajiwa baada ya serikali kugawanya manispaa ya Kinondoni kuwa mbili.
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